The Surrealism movement began in the 1920s (around World War I). Surrealism can be described in two different ways. One; it uses techniques, such as automatic writing, self-induced hallucinations, and word games. Two; it can show a surrealist view of reality as well as express a "dream state" or free play of thought.
Analysis
This poem is a dark poem about New York. It states pretty much everything that is bad about the city. The word "mire" used a couple times in the poem has two meanings. One is literal, a mire is a swamp or marsh. The other meaning is to entangle. Both of these meanings are used in the poem. "They know they will be mired in numbers and laws, in mindless games, in fruitless labors" means people will get caught up in things that wont even matter to you in the future.
Dawn - Federico Garcia Lorca
Dawn in New York has four columns of mire and a hurricane of black pigeons splashing in the putrid waters.
Dawn in New York groans on enormous fire escapes searching between the angles for spikenards of drafted anguish.
Dawn arrives and no one receives it in his mouth because morning and hope are impossible there: sometimes the furious swarming coins penetrate like drills and devour abandoned children.
Those who go out early know in their bones there will be no paradise or loves that bloom and die: they know they will be mired in numbers and laws, in mindless games, in fruitless labors.
The light is buried under chains and noises in the impudent challenge of rootless science. And crowds stagger sleeplessly through the boroughs as if they had just escaped a shipwreck of blood.
Literary Devices
Allusion is used in this poem in the line "splashing in putrid waters" referencing the high level of pollution in New York that many people know about due to it's large population. Euphemism is shown in the poem in the line "in mindless games, in fruitless labors" the poet could have put these words in as a substitute for more dangerous or illegal jobs that take place in a large city such as drug dealing or prostitution.